Biological Anthropology Exam 1 Practice

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• Which term describes the view that Earth’s features were shaped by processes that are observable today?
• Which term describes the process by which new species arise?
• A triplet of nucleotide bases in mRNA that specifies an amino acid or the initiation or termination of a polypeptide sequence is called what?
• Which term refers to similarity of structure due to shared ancestry?
• Which evolutionary mechanism involves random changes in allele frequencies that are not due to natural selection?
• Which naturalist proposed that animals migrate and adapt to different climates but offered no mechanism for evolution, and argued that New World fauna were weaker and smaller?
• Two different alleles of a gene expressed in a heterozygous individual describe which concept?
• Testing a hypothesis is known as what?
• Body parts that seem to serve no purpose and have atrophied are called what?
• Who proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics and highlighted the relationship between organisms and their environments, while suggesting evolution could occur in a lifetime?
• Which term denotes a reproductively isolated, interbreeding group of organisms?
• Which term refers to human growth and development, adaptation to extreme environments, and human genetics?
• In evolutionary biology, what term denotes reproductive success?
• What term describes having two different alleles at the loci for a gene on a pair of homologous chromosomes?
• Formation of one or more new species via reproductive isolation.
• What term denotes a fertilized egg?
• Undifferential cells found in the developing embryo that can be induced to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types or tissues; also found in adults, although not as totipotent.
• Branch of biology that describes patterns of organismal variation.
• Selection that maintains certain phenotype by selecting against deviations from it.
• The variable component of nucleotides; in DNA, adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine; in RNA, uracil replaces thymine.
• Movement of genes between populations.
• Purine base that bonds with thymine or uracil.
• Which type of RNA forms the core component of ribosomes?
• In eukaryotic cells, the part of the cell in which the genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell by a plasma membrane.
• The study of the skeleton.
• What term describes the system whereby nucleotide triplets in DNA and RNA carry information for synthesizing proteins?
• During which process do homologous chromosomes exchange parts to generate new allele combinations?
• Which term is the measure of variation from the mean of the reproductive potential of one sex compared with the other?
• Breeders selecting traits to pass on to the next generation exemplifies which practice?
• The concept that describes speciation when populations occupy different parts of a continuous range and experience different selective pressures is:
• Which term best describes heredity as discrete units transmitted through generations, as proposed by Mendelian principles?
• Which term describes a cell that possesses a well-organized nucleus?
• Not sex cells.
• Which field focuses on the study of human remains and their context for legal investigations, often involving modern crime scenes?
• Which geologist studied rock layering (stratigraphy) and advocated uniformitarianism?
• Molecules that form the basic building blocks of protein; there are 20; 9 are essential (cannot be synthesized by the body) are called what?
• Which autosomal recessive condition causes accumulation of phenylalanine leading to intellectual disability if untreated?
• What is an observable or measurable feature of an organism called?
• Which trait is described as an autosomal dominant trait with widespread lactose tolerance in some populations?
• Which model describes rapid bursts of change followed by long periods of stasis?
• What is the fundamental unit of heredity that carries information for synthesizing a protein and occupies a specific chromosomal locus?
• What term describes a molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions?
• Which term describes a creationist attempt to refute evolution?
• The study of human remains in an archaeological context.
• What is the diffuse form of DNA that exists during interphase of the cell cycle?
• The objects, from tools to art, left by earlier generations of people.
• What term describes the proportion of total phenotypic variability observed for a trait that can be ascribed to genetic factors?
• Linnaean naming system for all organisms, genus and species label?
• Which term describes phenotypic variation that is discrete and falls into observable categories?
• What is the number of chromosomes found in a gamete, representing one from each pair in a diploid somatic cell; in humans the number is 23?
• Mating between close relatives.
• Which species concept defines species as evolutionary lineages with their own unique identity?
• Which theory asserts that the same geological processes observed today operated in the past, implying an ancient Earth?
• Which term describes the idea that heredity is transmitted as discrete units rather than blended?
• Which pyrimidine base bonds with adenine in DNA?
• Which concept captures the idea that all life shares a common origin and has diverged over time?
• The science of biological classification?
• Which base replaces thymine in RNA and bonds with adenine?
• Which scientist opposed evolutionary change despite fossil discoveries and advocated catastrophism?
• Natural selection that drives evolutionary change by selecting for greater or lesser frequency of a given trait in a population.
• What term describes a change in the base sequence of a gene caused by the substitution of a single base with a different base?
• Which term describes a method for estimating heritability by analyzing concordance rates in monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
• Which mode of speciation occurs in the geographic location?
• What term describes exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during the first prophase of meiosis?
• Which term best describes trinucleotide repeat diseases?
• Shared function of a body part is known as which concept?
• Which disorder is associated with CGG trinucleotide expansion on the X chromosome, affecting the FMR1 gene and neural development?
• A member of the primate family Hominidae distinguished by bipedal posture and, in more recently evolved species, a large brain.
• Which term refers to the objects created by past peoples, including tools and art?
• In DNA, which base pairs with thymine?
• Which field studies embryos and developmental stages to inform evolutionary relationships?
• Which laboratory technique is used to amplify DNA sequences and can produce millions to billions of copies from a tiny sample?
• Temporary dramatic reduction in size of a population or species.
• Which protein found in red blood cells transports oxygen?
• The study of the fossil record of ancestral humans and their primate kin.
• Which field uses skeletal remains to infer health and life in past populations?
• Which field studies nonhuman primates and their anatomy, genetics, behavior, and ecology?
• What term describes having two different alleles at the same gene locus?
• Which term describes similarity of a trait due to shared ancestry rather than function?
• What is the term for a complex protein that is a catalyst for chemical processes in the body?
• What term describes the genetic makeup of an individual, including the alleles present at a locus on two homologous chromosomes?
• Which pyrimidine base bonds with guanine?
• What process describes evolution through the branching of a species or lineage?
• Which field studies humans as biological organisms within an evolutionary framework?
• Huntington disease is a trinucleotide repeat disease in which the CAG repeats are typically in which range?
• The study of humankind in a cross-cultural context... includes cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, archaeology, and biological anthropology (in all times and places).
• What is the term for a segment of DNA that participates in controlling the expression of a trait and resides at a chromosome location?
• Which genes regulate the expression of structural genes without coding for a protein themselves?
• Which process is described as the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during the first prophase of meiosis?
• Which mode of speciation occurs when two populations have continuous distributions and some phenotypes are more favorable in different parts?
• Which concept explains how behavior can evolve to favor traits that increase the genetic relatives' reproductive success?
• Sex cells: sperm or eggs (ova).
• Which tool lets us illustrate parental genetic contributions to offspring and possible offspring genotypes?
• The comparative study of language, its origins, and use in culture; acquisition in infancy and childhood.
• Which scientist is credited with developing binomial nomenclature?
• Which term describes phenotypic variation that is distributed continuously and is measured numerically?
• A molecule made up of a chain of amino acids is called what?
• What is the change in the frequency of a gene or trait in a population over multiple generations?
• A group of organisms assigned to a particular category
• A single-stranded nucleic acid that performs critical functions during protein synthesis and comes in three forms: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
• Alternate versions of a gene are called what?
• Which concept is associated with analyzing organisms by their parts rather than as integrated wholes?
• Which of the following is a form of speciation without geographic barriers?
• Which thinker argued that society needs checks to prevent overpopulation and mass starvation?
• Which term describes differential reproductive success within one sex?
• What term refers to an interbreeding group of organisms?
• Who formulated his own theory of evolution independently and influenced Darwin to publish his ideas?
• A short-term event that drastically reduces population size, leading to loss of genetic variation.
• Examining genetic variation with and between populations to gain insight into the evolutionary history of the populations and species as a whole.
• Which type of DNA is more commonly targeted in ancient DNA studies due to higher copy number and maternal inheritance?
• Which genetic concept explains why a single gene can influence multiple phenotypic traits?
• Darwin proposed that all life forms descended from common ancestors under the concept of what?
• Uracil replaces thymine in which nucleic acid?
• What is the full complement of paired chromosomes in a somatic cell, with humans having 46 in total?
• Which term refers to the sum total of learned traditions, values, and beliefs of a group?
• Which term refers to the proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetic factors?
• The practice of cultural anthropology; studying the minute to minute workings of human societies, especially non-Western.
• Similar form or function brought about by natural selection under similar environments rather than shared ancestry.
• What term refers to any factor that prevents mating between two different species?
• Which scientist is commonly associated with the idea that inheritance of acquired characteristics could drive evolution?
• Which inheritance pattern is described as requiring only one copy of a dominant allele to express the disease?
• Method of classification using ancestral and derived traits to distinguish patterns of evolution within lineages.
• The discredited 19th-century idea that genetic factors blend together in offspring is known as what?
• Theory that there have been multiple creations interspersed by great natural disasters such as Noah's Ark
• What is the starting assumption in scientific inquiry, often formalized as the null hypothesis?
• Which mutation arises from the addition of one or more base pairs into the DNA sequence?
• Which term describes a family of autosomal dominant diseases caused by insertion of multiple copies of a 3-base pair sequence (CAG) that codes for the amino acid glutamine?
• Gathering scientific information by watching a phenomenon is called what?
• Absence of clotting factor protein in blood with vulnerability to hemorrhage and severe joint damage is characteristic of which condition?
• Which field studies the building blocks of life at the DNA level, including genes and regulatory mechanisms?
• What are discrete structures composed of condensed DNA and supporting proteins?
• A molecule made up of a chain of amino acids is called a?
• Swedish botanist; author of Systema Naturae; father of taxonomy
• Molecular building blocks of nucleic acids; consists of a phosphate, sugar, and base.
• Which activity involves forming a tentative explanation that can be tested?
• What term refers to a member of the mammalian order Primates, including prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans?
• Which pattern of inheritance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are expressed in the phenotype?
• The study of the interaction between biology and culture, which plays a role in most human traits.
• The study of diseases in ancestral human populations.
• Which concept emphasizes species identity based on ecological niche uniqueness and interactions?
• Which term denotes the study of human societies and their traits across cultures, including behavior?
• Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive trait characterized by abnormally viscous mucus in the lungs and digestive system.
• Which geologist argued for slow, gradual change and the existence of more primitive life in older rocks, and authored a work Darwin read during his voyage?
• Which term denotes the total chromosome complement present in a somatic cell, expressed as the diploid number?
• Which notion proposes that animals act for the good of their group or species and is largely discredited?
• Which term means Stasis; lack of change?
• Which X-linked disorder is characterized by an inability to distinguish red from green?
• Which genes contain the information to make a protein?
• Which term refers to the branch of biology that studies patterns of variation and relationships among organisms?
• Able to be shown to be false.
• Which term describes the creationist view that natural selection cannot account for life's diversity?
• Which scientist is best known for advocating catastrophism and arguing that fossils reflect past disasters rather than slow change?
• Which autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by accumulation of GM2 ganglioside leading to progressive neurodegeneration?
• Which method amplifies DNA sequences using a heat-stable enzyme and can generate billions of copies?
• The concept of heredity based on transmission of genes (alleles) according to Mendelian principles is called which?
• During meiosis, what process involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes?
• DNA recovered from ancient bones is best described by which term?
• Which field studies the geographic distribution of animals and plants on Earth?
• What term is used for the complete set of chromosomes observed in a karyotype?
• Which term describes an organelle in the cytoplasm consisting of a folded membrane; increased space for metabolic reactions; some have knobs called rough ER?
• Which term describes the study of evolutionary relationships and patterns of variation within and among organisms?
• Which term describes ancient belief that all people are derived from multiple creations?
• A natural substance produced by specialized cells influences activity of distant cells. Which term describes this?
• Which discipline investigates how language shapes social life and cultural practices?
• Which genetic material is a small circular molecule in mitochondria inherited maternally?
• Which mode of speciation occurs via geographic isolation?
• Which term describes evolution of major phenotypic changes over relatively short time periods?
• Which premise holds that all aspects of an organism have been molded by natural selection to optimize reproductive success?
• During gamete formation, segregating unit factors assort independently of each other; this is described by which law?
• Which concept is the organizing framework scientists use to interpret a body of evidence?
• Which term describes an allele expressed when present on only one of the two homologous chromosomes in a diploid organism?
• Determining evolutionary relationships between species.
• Which term best describes non-reproductive cells that make up the body's tissues and organs?
• Which term describes single-celled organisms in which genetic material is not separated by a nucleus from the rest of the cell?
• Discredited theory of evolutionary change proposed that changes that occur during the lifetime of an individual, through use or disuse, can be passed on to the next generation
• Which model posits long periods of stasis interrupted by brief bursts of rapid evolution?
• Speciation that occurs without geographic separation, often due to niche differentiation or reproductive isolation within the same area is:
• Which term best describes the genetic system that determines human blood type?
• Which concept refers to a category or group of organisms within a classification system?
• A preliminary explanation of a phenomenon; Forming is the first step of the scientific method.
• Branching diagram showing evolved relationships among members of a lineage.
• Which term refers to the structural and functional unit containing the cell's energy-producing organelles and their own DNA?
• Which term describes the process of drawing conclusions from observed data by applying general rules?
• Study at the basic level of the building blocks of bodies (cells), focusing on DNA.
• Which term describes evolution through branching of a lineage into multiple lineages?
• What term describes a molecule consisting of a sequence of amino acids that is not yet a finished protein?
• Which geologist is known for contributing to the understanding of rock layering and promoting uniformitarian principles?
• Which term describes an alteration in the DNA, which may be passed from generation to generation if it occurs in a gamete?
• Which field studies genetic variation within and between populations to gain insight into evolutionary history?
• What is the term for a single gene that influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits?
• Which concept defines species by unique traits or mating signals that allow members of one species to identify each other for mating?
• Which concept defines species based on the uniqueness of their ecological niche?
• Which autosomal dominant disorder is characterized by disproportionate short stature with short limbs?
• Which autosomal dominant disorder is the most common form of dwarfism?
• Which autosomal recessive condition is managed by restricting dietary phenylalanine to prevent intellectual disability?
• Which term describes a mutation caused by the gain of base pairs in the DNA sequence?
• Which mutation results from the loss of base pairs in the DNA sequence?
• A nucleotide is composed of which three components?
• What is the term for the sum total of all the genes carried by an individual?
• What term describes cell division that occurs in the testes and ovaries and leads to the formation of gametes?
• What term describes somatic cell division that produces two identical daughter cells?
• The assembly of proteins from amino acids occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm and is based on information carried by mRNA.
• What term refers to any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome?
• Which term describes evolutionary change at the level above the species?
• A conclusion that follows logically from a set of observations is called what?
• What is the region of a chromosome where sister chromatids attach, located at the constricted region?
• Which type of phenotypic trait results from the combined action of many genes, with most complex traits being this type?
• Genes located on the same chromosome are said to be linked; the closer they are, the greater the linkage and the less likely they are to be separated during crossing-over. This concept is called?
• Which autosomal recessive disorder results from accumulation of a lipid that damages the nervous system in infancy?
• Which term refers to the discipline that studies relationships among species using data from multiple sources?
• Which concept explains that two genes on the same chromosome are inherited together more often when they are close together due to reduced crossing-over?
• System whereby the nucleotide triplets in DNA and RNA contain the information for synthesizing proteins from the 20 amino acids (Francis Crick, 1961) is known as what?
• Which principle states that animals behave preferentially toward their genetic kin, as proposed by Hamilton?
• Reproductive success of an organism plus the fitness of its close kin is called what?
• Purine base that bonds with cytosine.
• Which concept combines an organism's own reproductive success with the fitness of close kin?
• A method for estimating the heritability of a phenotypic trait by comparing the concordance rates of identical and fraternal twins.
• The objects or artifacts of past human societies.
• Which concept describes embryos in the womb tending to resemble earlier, more primitive forms?
• Structures composed primarily of RNA which are found primarily on the endoplasmic reticulum (site of protein synthesis).
• Which term refers to the possible output of offspring by one sex?
• Which term is the site of protein synthesis and is primarily RNA-based?
• What term describes X and Y chromosomes in mammals, with XX producing females and XY producing males?
• Which term refers to differences between the sexes?
• What term means the complete chromosomal complement of an individual, usually based on a photograph of the chromosomes visualized under the microscope?
• The study of the material culture of past peoples.
• X-linked disorders are genetic conditions caused by mutations on the X chromosome and are almost always expressed in males.
• An interbreeding group of animals or plants that are reproductively isolated from all other such groups.
• Which genetic system is defined by a single gene with three alleles A, B, and O on the surface of red blood cells?
• Members of the same chromosome pairs (autosomes) that undergo crossing over during meiosis are called what?
• Differential reproductive success within one sex of any species.
• In a diploid organism, an allele that must be present in two copies to be expressed is called?
• What term refers to any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes?
• Which concept describes the evolution of traits that increase the reproductive success of relatives?
• What term describes having the same allele at the loci for a gene on both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes?
• Which term specifically studies the interactions between biology and culture in shaping human traits?
• What term refers to the complete set of genetic material in an organism, including all genes and noncoding sequences?
• An autosomal recessive disease caused by a point mutation in a gene coding for one of the polypeptide chains of the hemoglobin protein is known as what?
• Which base pairs with cytosine in nucleic acids?
• The study of human remains applied to legal context.
• What term describes differences in size, shape, or color between the sexes?
• Which mutation arises from the loss of one or more base pairs in the DNA sequence?
• Creationist school of thought that proposes that natural selection cannot account for the diversity or form and function seen in nature.
• Shared ancestry of a body part is called what?
• Organelles in the cytoplasm where energy production takes place; contains its own DNA.
• RNA strand synthesized in the nucleus as a complement to a specific gene and carries the information for the sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein.
• The study of human societies, their traditions, rituals, beliefs, and the differences between societies in these traits.
• A diagram used in genetics that shows the transmission of a genetic trait over generations of a family.
• Which naturalist traveled extensively and developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, drawing on studies of finches in the Galapagos Islands?
• What term describes the diversification of a founding species into multiple species occupying different ecological niches?
• What term describes differential reproductive success over multiple generations?
• Which term studies the differences between societies in rituals and beliefs?
• What is the condensed and constricted region of a chromosome where sister chromatids attach during cell division?
• What term describes the failure of homologous chromosomes (or chromatids) to separate properly during meiosis, potentially producing gametes missing a chromosome or with an extra copy?
• The study of humans as biological beings within an evolutionary framework; sometimes called physical anthropology.
• What is the Darwinian view of slow, incremental evolutionary change called?
• Which author wrote the influential work that Darwin read about the slow, gradual change of the Earth and inspired his voyage?
• Which theoretical distribution describes allele frequencies in a population in the absence of evolution?
• Which field studies cultural practices, especially non-Western, through fieldwork and participant observation?
• RNA molecules that bind to specific amino acids and transport them to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
• Which term describes human-directed breeding to pass traits to the next generation?
• A trait that increases reproductive success produced by natural selection in the context of a particular environment.
• Random changes in gene frequency in a population.
• Which term describes a cell structure that houses the genetic material and is surrounded by a double membrane in eukaryotic cells?
• Which field would study nonhuman primates to understand their behavior and ecology?
• During gamete formation, the paired unit factors separate so that each sex cell receives one or the other with equal likelihood; this is known as which law?
• In eukaryotic cells, the region within a cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus; it contains organelles, which carry out energy production, metabolism, and protein synthesis.
• What term refers to rearrangement of genes on homologous chromosomes that occurs during crossing over in meiosis and serves as a source of variation?
• The study of human societies in a cross-cultural context; the subdivision that includes ethnology, archaeology, and linguistics (all aspects of human behavior).
• Which neurodevelopmental disorder is caused by CGG trinucleotide expansion on the X chromosome affecting the FMR1 gene?
• What process is defined as evolution of a trait or a species into another over a period of time?
• A component of genetic drift theory, stating that new populations that become isolated from the parent population carry only the genetic variation of the founders.
• Which concept is the method of naming species with a genus and species epithet as in Homo sapiens?
• Which term describes genes that guide the expression of structural genes without coding for a protein themselves?
• Which term is defined as a conceptual framework useful for understanding a body of evidence?
• Which term describes ancient belief that people are derived from single creation?
• Which condition is a classic example of an autosomal dominant trinucleotide repeat disorder caused by a CAG expansion?
• The sum total of learned traditions, values and beliefs that groups of people possess.
• Which term refers to the process of gathering information via watching phenomena rather than manipulating them?
• Which term describes heritable traits that confer higher reproductive success and increase in the next generation?
• The scientist who observed inheritance patterns using pea plants is known as which figure?
• Which term is the branch of anthropology that examines the evolutionary aspects of humans and their ancestors?
• Which inheritance pattern is described as being located on the X chromosome and often expressed in males?
• Looking at pedigree and tracking how various traits are passed from one generation to the next.
• Which paradigm views the organism as the sum of many evolved parts and is best understood through reductionist analysis?
• Which term is the overarching, standard approach to scientific investigation that includes forming hypotheses and testing them?
• Two alleles expressed in a heterozygous individual are described by which term?
• Which inheritance pattern requires two copies of a recessive allele, one from each parent, for the disease to manifest?
• What term refers to the location of a gene on a chromosome, identified by the chromosome number and its position?
• What is the double-stranded molecule that carries genetic information and is held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases?
• During interphase, DNA exists in a diffuse form known as what?
• Organelle in cytoplasm consisting of a folded membrane; increased space for metabolic reactions; some have knobs called rough ER.
• What term describes the 20 building blocks of proteins, nine essential?
• Standard scientific research procedure in which a hypothesis is stated, data are collected to test it, and the hypothesis is either supported or refuted.
• Defines species as interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from other such populations.
• The building blocks of proteins are which of the following?
• What is the name of the Soviet-era program that applied ideas associated with Lamarckian inheritance to agricultural production?
• Which concept refers to the belief that the world was created multiple times, with large catastrophes interspersing these creations?